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Ginsenosides Rg1 could improve learning and meomry abilities in dementia

Traditional Uses of American Ginseng
TCM Description 【Tropism of taste】Sweet, mildly bitter, in the heart, lung and kidney. 【Functions】Tonify Qi and nourish Ying, clear heat and engender liquid. Used for deficiencies of Qi and Ying, endopyrexia, caught, phlegm with blood, astheni...
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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. There is no cure for the disease, which worsens as it progresses, and eventually leads to death. In 2006, there were 26.6 million people worldwide with AD. Alzheimer’s is predicted to affect 1 in 85 people globally by 2050.

Alzheimer’s disease is characterised by loss of neurons and synapses in the cerebral cortex and certain subcortical regions, leading to degeneration and gross atrophy of the affected regions such as the temporal lobe and parietal lobe, and parts of the frontal cortex and cingulate gyrus. Both amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are clearly visible by microscopy in brains of those afflicted by AD.

There is no cure for Alzheimer’s disease; available treatments offer relatively small symptomatic benefit but remain palliative in nature.

Dr. Zhang, from Shandong University, China, found that Rg1, a ginsenoside extracted from Ginseng, is able to improve the learning and memory abilities in rat dementia induced by D-galactose introperitoneal injection.

In the experiment, rat dementia model was successfully created by D-galactose intraperitoneal injection plus ovary surgical removal. Rg1 injection at 5-20mg/kg/d significantly restored impaired cognitive capacity in demented rats, the time of crossing Morris water maze was shorted, and the number of crossing maze was increased, in a dose-dependant manner. Also, Rg1at 10mg/kg/d reduced the beta-amyloid accumulation by 1/3.

ADAM10 is an important protease cleaving beta-amyloid precursor protein, and its reduction is commonly seen in Alzheimer’s disease. However, BACE1 is positively related to dementia. In this experiment. Rg1 injection markedly restored the level of ADAM10, the neuron cells positive of ADAM10 staining increased from 12% in demented rats to 66% after Rg1 intervention. In contrast, the level of BACE1 reduced from 62% to 19% after Rg1 injection.

Furthermore, caspase 3, an enzyme involved apoptosis initiation, was activated in brain hippocampus in dementia model, but was reduced after Rg1 treatment.

Above results suggest ginsenoside Rg1 increases cognitive capacity in demented rats through increasing ADAM10 level, reducing BACE1 and caspase 3 activities. The finding implies that ginsenoside Rg1 could be of potential therapeutical value in treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.

The following the abstract of this doctoral dissertation:

該研究中首先探討了利用去卵巢結合D-半乳糖腹腔注射建立大鼠AD模型的可行性,發現去卵巢結合D-半乳糖腹腔注射處理的大鼠行為學改變以及海馬病理學改變均符合AD疾病情況下的變化,提示造模成功。然後,我們研究了人參皂苷Rg1對AD大鼠模型學習和記憶的影響。同時還研究了活化的含半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶caspase3的變化情況,以明確人參皂苷Rg1對AD模型大鼠神經元凋亡的影響。
目的本實驗研究 ​​首先驗證利用去卵巢手術聯合D-半乳糖腹腔注射建立大鼠AD模型的可行性。然後,以雌激素為對照,觀察人參皂苷Rg1對AD大鼠模型記憶功能障礙的改善作用,並進一步探討其作用機制。

1.研究對象及分組:將96只Wistar大鼠隨機分為兩組,一組72只行去卵巢手術,另一組24只行假手術,術後行抗炎處理。將假手術組大鼠隨機等分為兩組:一組按1ml/kg/d在大鼠腹部皮下注射生理鹽水(CT),另一組按100mg/kg/d腹腔注射D-半乳糖(D );去卵巢手術組大鼠隨機等分為六組。

2.研究內容:

  • (1) Morris水迷宮實驗檢測各組大鼠的空間學習與記憶的能力;
  • (2)Elisa實驗檢測各組大鼠海馬組織中Apl-42的含量;
  • (3)免疫組織化學法檢測各組大鼠海馬細胞中ADAM10和BACE1勺表達情況;
  • (4)實時定量PCR檢測大鼠海馬中ADAM10、BACE1、caspase3mRNA的表達情況;
  • (5) Western blot檢測大鼠海馬中ADAM10、活化的caspase3蛋白的表達情況。

結果

1.去卵巢結合D-半乳糖腹腔注射能夠顯著損害大鼠的認知功能,引起大鼠海馬內Aβ1-42的高表達。

  • (1)造模後各組大鼠Morris水迷宮的實驗結果:通過水迷宮實驗,我們發現去卵巢術、D-半乳糖的腹腔注射都能夠明顯延長大鼠尋找平台的潛伏期時間(P0.05 ),而去卵巢術結合D-半乳糖腹腔注射組大鼠的潛伏期時間最長,較前兩者的差異有顯著性(P0.05)。而且,卵巢切除術、D-半乳糖的腹腔注射都能夠明顯降低大鼠第七天穿越平台的次數,而卵巢切除術結合D-半乳糖腹腔注射組大鼠的第七天平均穿越平台的次數最少,其中,兩者結合組的平均穿越平台數是對照組的40%,約是卵巢切除術後組、D-半乳糖腹腔注射組的70%。
  • (2)造模後各組大鼠海馬中Aβ1-42的濃度測定:Elisa的實驗結果顯示去卵巢術結合D-半乳糖的腹腔注射能夠顯著提高大鼠海馬中Aβ1-42的水平(P0. 05),較對照組提高了約110%,而卵巢切除術、D-半乳糖的腹腔注射則具有相對較弱的作用。

2. 人參皂苷Rg1和雌激素能夠顯著改善模型大鼠的學習和記憶能力

  • (1)各組大鼠Morris水迷宮的實驗結果:使用人參皂苷Rg1和雌激素處理的各組大鼠,都明顯減少了造模所引起的潛伏期延長(P0.05)。三種不同劑量人參皂苷的處理組中,中劑量和高劑量人參皂苷 Rg1處理組的大鼠在縮短平均潛伏期方面明顯優低劑量組(P0.05)。同時,各組大鼠的游泳速度沒有顯著變化,證明了各種處理因素沒有明顯影響大鼠的運動能力。並且,使用人參皂苷 Rg1和雌激素治療的大鼠都能有效防止造模所引起的大鼠穿越平台次數的減少,治療後的大鼠穿越平台數目明顯增多(P0.05)。而且與學習階段所得到的結果一致,中劑量和高劑量的人參皂苷 Rgl處理組的大鼠穿越平台的次數明顯多於低劑量組(P0.05)。
  • (2)各組大鼠海馬中Aβ1-42的濃度測定:人參皂苷 Rg1和雌激素的處理,都能夠不同程度地降低大鼠海馬中Ap1-42的含量(P0.05),其中,模型組大鼠海馬中Aβ1-42的含量是正常大鼠的2.2倍,中劑量的人參皂苷Rg1降低到模型大鼠海馬中Aβ1-42含量的63%,高劑量處理組則降低到約69%,而低劑量只降低到造模組含量的85%,這說明中劑量和高劑量的治療效果明顯優於低劑量組。

3. 人參皂苷Rg1和雌激素促進模型大鼠學習和記憶能力的機制研究

  • (1)各組大鼠海馬中ADAM10和BACE1的陽性細胞表達情況:免疫組化的結果顯示,在對照組大鼠的海馬中ADAM10的陽性細胞率為67.4%±1.78%,而造模大鼠(O+D)的海馬中ADAM10陽性細胞率僅為12±1.53%(P0.01)。用人參皂苷和雌激素處理後,低劑量人參皂苷Rg1組海馬中陽性細胞率為29.9±1.52%,中劑量人參皂苷Rg1處理組的陽性細胞率為66.45%4±1.55%,高劑量人參皂苷Rg1處理組的陽性細胞率為50.3%±4.67%,雌激素處理組的陽性細胞率為50.3±4.67%。關於BACE1,造模組中BACE1陽性神經元率為62.3%±1.55%,使用人參皂苷Rg1和雌激素處理後,中劑量人參皂苷Rg1處理後BACE1陽性細胞率為19.34%±1.03%,高劑量的Rg1處理後為25.13%±1.13%,雌激素處理後陽性細胞率則降為25.89%+1.42%(P0.05)。
  • (2)實時定量檢測大鼠海馬中ADAM10、BACE1(?)(?)cawspase3的表達情況:結果顯不,ADAM10的表達在造模組中明顯減少(P0.05),人參皂苷Rg1和雌激素能夠明顯改變造模大鼠的這種ADAM10的減少情況(P0.05)。並且數據顯示,中劑量的人參皂苷Rg1組的ADAM10mRNA水平是造模組的1.8倍,高劑量的人參皂苷Rg1組的是造模組的1.6倍,而低劑量組ADAM10的基因水平僅為造模組的1.1倍, 這說明中高劑量的人參皂苷Rg1的治療效果明顯優於低劑量的人參皂苷。而關於BACE1的表達情況,去卵巢結合D-半乳糖能夠明顯促進大鼠海馬中BACE1的表達,人參皂苷Rg1和雌激素的處理都能夠明顯抑製造模引起的這種作用,且中劑量和高劑量組在降低BACE1的表達方面明顯優於低劑量組。
  • (3) Western blot實驗檢測ADAM10和caspase3的表達情況:蛋白印蹟的實驗結果以及對其進行的光密度分析顯示ADAM10在海馬中的表達因造模急劇下降,且人參皂苷Rg1和雌激素的處理都能夠明顯升高因造模而降低的ADAM10的表達水平(P0.05)。而關於凋亡因子的表達情況,造模組大鼠海馬組織中活化的caspase3水平明顯升高(P0.05),人參皂苷Rg1和雌激素的治療都能夠明顯降低活化的casapse3的水平(P0. 05)。其中, 中劑量的人參皂苷Rg1處理的大鼠活化的casapse3水平是造模組的53%,高劑量處理組活化的casapse3的水平是造模組的51%,而低劑量的人參皂苷Rg1處理後活化的casapse3水平僅降為造模組的87%,說明中劑量和高劑量的人參皂苷Rg1在降低活化的caspase3的效果方面明顯優於低劑量組。

結論

  1. 卵巢切除術結合D-半乳糖腹腔注射組大鼠在行為學改變和海馬組織的病理改變均符合AD的特徵,表明卵巢切除術結合D-半乳糖腹腔注射可以用於模擬AD。
  2. 人參皂苷Rg1能夠明顯地改善利用去卵巢結合D-半乳糖腹腔注射建立的AD大鼠模型的認知功能障礙。
  3. 人參皂苷Rg1對AD大鼠模型學習和記憶能力的改善作用可能是通過調節澱粉樣前體蛋白水解過程及其神經保護作用來實現的。
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